A Freedom Trail in Boston

Boston is the biggest city of the Common abundance of Massachusetts and has a place with perhaps the most established city of United State of America.  It was established by Puritan colonialist from England in 1630.Boston was a short route across Boston Harbor at Charlestown from prompt zone which was settled by Euro-Americans that caused it to develop. Its profound habor and worthwhile geographic position helped it to be the busiest port of Massachusetts Bay Colony.Boston assumed a principal job in the American Revolution. A few occasions and fights, for example, Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, The Battle of the Lexington and Concord, the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston all happened close or in the city. Boston is now and then alluded to be Cradle of Liberty. It has memorable locales remains which have been of vacation spot. It has protected pioneer and progressive past from the holding of the U.S.S. Constitution to numerous renowned destinations along the opp ortunity Trail (Seasholes, 2003).It is this Freedom Trail discovered my consideration during our visit to Boston. Opportunity Trail is a ruddy way that goes through midtown of Boston and Massachusetts prompting sixteen significant notable locales. It is a four kilometer walk that begins from the Boston Common to the Bunker Hill Moment in Charlestown. Initially, the Freedom Trail was brought about by nearby columnist William Schofield who advanced connecting neighborhood tourist spots with a passerby since 1951.For any guests like us to Boston, they should incorporate a stroll into history along the Freedom Trail. Nonetheless, one can start the stroll in the center or the end and wend route through the boulevards of Boston. This Trail took us sixteen verifiable destinations in around three hours and we secured about 50 years of the America’s most huge past.To visit these chronicled locales, one may select to have a self guide or help of visit guides who are accessible through the Boston Common Visitors Centers at 148 Tremont Street or the Bostix Booth situated at Faneuil Hall. Additionally one can choose to take a ride by paying one of the streetcar visits, which are informal guided visits and have land at chosen stops yet we chose to take a visit direct. The best point to begin for Freedom Trail journey is the Boston Common which is the America’s most seasoned open park where we unquestionably started.This park lays on forty four sections of land of open land. At first it was utilized as normal field for nibbling dairy cattle that was possessed by the townspeople of Boston. Later it turned into a ‘trayning’ field for volunteer army which was utilized as British Army camp. Likewise it was use to hand privateers, witches or openly pillory crooks other than serving for open speech and talk. At present, the spot is utilized for show and gives quiet reprieve from the clamor of city life (http://www.aviewoncities.com/boston/bostonattractio ns.htm n.d).From Boston Common the following recorded site we visited was the State House. It was based on 1798 and is generally viewed as one of the most wonderful and appropriate structures in the district. It was developed not long after the insurgency by Charles Bullfinch as another focal point of the state governance.Presently, the structure fills in as the seat of the legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. From state house our next stop was at Park Street Church. It was established in 1809. Its 217 ft steeple was the principal milestone voyagers saw when drawing nearer to the Boston. It has increased a ton of criticalness due for its contribution in political, social and philanthropic issues. For example, in 1829 Wiliam Lloyd Garrison conveyed a discourse from the congregation lectern censuring subjection and he was the first to do as such in public.Just after this the following Freedom Trail stop was Old Granary Burying Ground. Initially it was called South Burying Ground because of its area in the southern territory of Boston settlement and last was renamed Middle Bury Ground as Boston developed towards south. Its current name is gotten from a grain stockpiling building which remained at same site with Park Street Church.Some of Boston’s well known progressives were covered here including John Hancock, Samuel Adams, and Robert Treat Paine each of the three who marked Declaration of Independence and furthermore Paul Revere and survivors of Boston Massacre.  Following the red line of the Freedom Trail it drove us to King’s Chapel and Burying Ground. The Royal Governor constructed King’s Chapel on the this town covering groundâ in 1688 , as nobody would sell him land to assemble a non-Puritan church for king’s menâ who were British law masters (Ibid).

Why I Chose to Study Engineering

Why I Chose to Study Engineering The critical commitment of designers to the nearby and worldwide networks is the thing that has enlivened me to contemplate building. There are numerous orders of designing however I have decided to examine compositional building. In this exposition, I will think about my decision of study and investigate the aptitudes and commitments of compositional designing. I will talk about what components have enlivened and propelled my decision of study, the jobs of a design engineer, the credits required to be an effective architect, how they serve society and the deterrents that will be looked in the business. I didn't pick compositional designing aimlessly, there are a few perspectives that enlivened and propelled my decision. I have consistently realized I needed to seek after a vocation in building, as I appreciate science and material science, however I was uncertain of which field. My own advantages have largy affected my decision of study. I love to plan and make, take on new difficulties, take care of issues and offer back to my locale. Initially, I proposed to examine mining designing and took an interest in seven days of work involvement with a mine. After that week, I accepted that it was not for me. I had known about structural building and figured I would look at it. I investigated all that I could about it and realized that it was the field I needed to do. Building engineers give such a great amount to the network through the structures they help with planning. I want to have the option to help make frameworks that will help our general public. There were times when I was susp icious as building is a male-overwhelm field and the main course accessible is in Melbourne. In any case, my folks have pushed me to seek after my fantasy. They are my inspiration, I would prefer not to allow them to down. I seek to do right by them. Structural specialists apply building standards and innovation to the plan, development and arranging of structures. They are answerable for taking a plan from a planner and building up the subtleties of the structures basic and natural frameworks. The frameworks of a structure include: basic respectability, warming/cooling frameworks, ventilating frameworks, plumbing, fire assurance and electrical frameworks [1]. As appeared in [2] compositional designing joins components of a few other building disciplines including mechanical, electrical, fire security, and others. Some design architects may concentrate on explicit regions, for example, a structures ability to bear the pressure of catastrophic events. While others may focus on improving air quality, vitality productivity and limiting natural effect. They work in groups with modelers and designers who a master in different fields [1]. As to have the option to structure and develop a steady and safe structure, they should have the o ption to impart, cooperate and take care of issues. The characteristics of a fruitful designing can be recorded in to three classes set by Engineers Australia. These three classes are: information and expertise base; building application capacity; and expert and individual traits [3]. The initial two classes depend on having a comprehension and utilization of designing, arithmetic and material science. The last class incorporates a large number of the key credits required to be a fruitful building engineer. The capacity to speak with others and work in a group domain are two of the principle key qualities. A designer should have the option to impart well, both orally and recorded as a hard copy, to different architects as well as other pro. In the business, there will be times when designers must work with others that might not have a similar degree of information, so they should pass on specialized thoughts in non-specialized language comprehended by the crowd [3]. Structural designers should be imaginative, curious, scientific and t horough [1]. This will upgrade their critical thinking aptitudes and lead to assist thoughts and improvements that will serve society. Structural designing largy affects the frameworks that help societys way of life [4]. Designers are ceaselessly meaning to improve and create ideas that will extraordinarily profit society using science and innovation. Compositional architects make building frameworks dependent on what is mentioned from society [4]. They have created structures that can withstand the pressure of a cataclysmic event. They endeavor to make sheltered and helpful spots for individuals to work and live. The structures created by design builds don't simply profit society with the last structure yet additionally during the arranging and development stages. The various phases of an undertaking require individuals from various callings, starting many openings for work for individuals inside the networks. At the point when design engineers have a venture, they plan to make a protected and useful structure appropriate for the buyers however this doesnt come without numerous snags. In the work power, there will be impediments and difficulties. There are numerous variables that could affect a venture including: ecological effect, planning, assets and workplace. There are significant worries from society about the ecological effect of undertakings, in this way builds are attempting to limit our effect [5]. Spending plans are a chief factor in the creation and development of a structure as it is the thing that gives design builds a rule, however some of the time it is viewed as an imperative. The financial plan permitted likewise impacts the accessibility of assets and materials. Design architects can just make a structure with what is accessible as it is amateurish to begin an extend and understand that there is a constrained measure of the structure materials. The last factor, working environment condition as observed in [6] is the most basic factor in keeping up the profitability rate and fulfillment levels of a work environment and representatives. The primary perspective that has roused me to contemplate compositional designing is the enormous commitment it has on improving and creating societys way of life. In this exposition, I have reflected, examined and investigated the angles that have enlivened and propelled my decision of study, the obligations and job of a structural specialist, the ascribes required to turn into a licensed designer, the effect that they have on society and the difficulties that will be looked in the work environment. References [1] Architectural Engineering Overview, Sloan Career Cornerstone Center. Gotten to on: Mar. 10, 2017. [Online]. Accessible: http://www.careercornerstone.org/pdf/archeng/archeng.pdf [2]C. Ozansoy, Class Lecture, Topic: Chapter 1 What is Engineering? NEF1103, College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Vic., Feb., 27, 2017. [3] D. Dowling, R. Hadgraft, A. Carew, T. McCarthy, D. Hargreaves and C. Ballie, What is Engineering? in Engineering Your Future: An Australasian Guide, third ed. Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2016, ch.1, pp. 24-27. [4] University of Michigan (2013, Aug. 2). 2013 James R. Mellor Lecture William Banholzer [Video file]. Gotten to on: Mar. 19, 2017. Accessible: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XY4mMZNGl4 [5]D. Dowling, R. Hadgraft, A. Carew, T. McCarthy, D. Hargreaves and C. Ballie, Sustainable Engineering, in Engineering Your Future: An Australasian Guide, third ed. Milton: John Wiley Sons, 2016, ch.3, p. 119. [6]E. Ajala, The Influence of Workplace Environment on Workers Welfare, Performance and Productivity, The African Symposium: An online diary of the African Educational Research Network, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 141, 2012.

Critique of Capitalist Economy Essay Example for Free

Investigate of Capitalist Economy Essay Presentation Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels were extraordinary supporters of socialism and were against the free enterprise method of monetary framework since they accepted that it was a method of abusing poor people and profiting the rich in the society[1]. They did a great deal of work as scholars in tending to strict, political and monetary issues. Karl Mark and Engels were supporters of socialism and censured the free enterprise economy which was being upheld for by the created nations. Theory; socialist economy is superior to the entrepreneur economy. There has consistently been a contention between the provinces in the west and the Eurasia in transit monetary approaches ought to be set with nations like the US supporting free enterprise while the nations that were officially soviet association restrict it and need proceed with the socialism way.â To fundamentally survey the reasons why socialism is superior to private enterprise, coming up next is the examination of negative effect of private enterprise and the upsides of the socialist economy as per Karl Marx and Engels. The most eminent composing is the socialist pronouncement. Socialist Manifesto In 1848, Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels met up to compose theâ socialist statement which was an announcement of the unavoidable disappointment of the industrialist economy and reminder to the laborers everywhere throughout the world[2]. The proclamation was authorized by the socialist association in England. Private enterprise depicted as the financial plan where there is free market of capital for example offices and cash, the normal assets and work (production)[3]. This sort of framework permits singular elements like individuals and organizations to the entrepreneurs and not the focal government. They run the creation lines, make a lot of benefit as conceivable since they are likewise the leaders of the issues that are influencing the creation of products and ventures in addition to the offer of the same[4]. Socialism then again is depicted as a monetary framework which permits the dispersion of the nations assets with the plan of making a non delineated society. In this kind of economy, the legislature claims the creation means and there are no private substances that own a similar business or industry. Socialism is personally connected with a German way of thinking, Karl Marx since he was an activists and a market analyst and composed such a great amount of writing about socialism and censuring the private enterprise. In his works, he set forward propositions that free enterprise would be toppled and at last supplanted by socialism. Since the individual responsibility for methods for creation would prompt abuse, Karl Marx supported for socialism contending that however the socialism may differ from nation to nation, the accompanying helpful attributes would at present remain[5]; the arranging, creation and different activities in agribusiness and industry are midway sorted out, the framework doesn't endure resistance from different perspectives and that just a single ideological group runs the legislature. Socialism created as response of representatives to the unsatisfactory working conditions during the rise and the expanded mechanical unrest as per Marx and Engels. In Marx’s see, industrialist should[6] allow to communism an opportunity to exceed expectations since free enterprise was esteemed to bomb the economy since it would make two contention classes in the general public of the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not† consequently another financial framework would rise and supplant the capitalism[7]. In spite of the fact that not famous in the nineteenth century, the socialist pronouncement turned out to be broadly utilized and perused report as individuals looked to really set up the most productive financial framework during the time of modern revolution.â As examined by Marx and Engels, the socialism economy would come as an experimentally sealed issue and as indicated by the notable changes of wonders as persistent procedures. Feudalism developed and true to form it needed to change offering ascend to mercantilism which likewise normally meant free enterprise, from this thinking, Karl Marx expected that the supporters of the entrepreneur economy would acknowledge change as it was definitely going to happen with private enterprise changing to communism (socialism). Economy under Capitalism In the statement of socialism, Marx and Engels contend that work would be incredibly influenced by the proprietors of the methods for creation. It likewise addresses the possibility of responsibility for property and thought of socialism. The representatives are portrayed to be experiencing distanced work; the estrangement of work is arranged in to four groups[8]; first, when the item is made it is quickly detracted from the maker; second, the laborers are abused in the creation line (an excessive amount of work un-relative to the compensation), third, the individuals are intended to work and increment profitability aimlessly and not in concurrence with the ordinary human instinct (from species being), at long last, common fulfillment of the human needs is supplanted by the advantage coming about because of the trading of the items (from different creatures). Marx investigations the Hegelian conclusion of kinds of economies to clarify how all the classifications (pay rates, lease, benefits and so forth) were completely distanced as a result of estrangement of the human instinct in the entrepreneur economy. This is on the grounds that the structure of the monetary framework at last winds up directing the manner in which individuals come to live their lives in future, their conduct and decides the potential moves to be made to remain on top. For example, if an entrepreneur financial specialist goal is to stay in the business (undertaking) at that point he needs to abuse the representatives to as far as possible. The industrialist will wind up being a merciless exploiter in spite of being wracked by blame or not due to the need to remain in charge of the economy and obviously everything.â On a similar note, representatives are compelled to take on the work offer as there are no reasonable other options. Marx and Engels demand that it is therefore that individuals need to transcend such abuse and attack the issue in earnest in order to have an aggregate control of their lifestyle regarding economy and cultural turn of events. Ware creation is another angle that is tended to by Marx as being utilized for misuse. Ware in the economy and business definitions is the item created with an expectation of trade for lawful delicate or cash in the market, as there exists a market, the item can be traded and that there is division of work where an assortment of items are delivered, in any case there would be no motivating force for the trade. With this sort of thinking at that point, a ware is depicted as far as use and worth. The utilization is effortlessly seen, however the worth turns into a mind boggling issue to manage and the relative incentive for the trade must be expounded. For example for what reason does some measure of an item trade for an alternate measure of another item? The elaboration needs to cover the work contribution during creation of the item or rather the socially mandatory exertion put in at normal degree of force to yield the commodity[9]. This is the place the work hypothesis comprehension and translation assumes a major job, and it expresses that the amount of socially fundamental work time expected to create the product ought to be the determinant of its value. In Marx see, this contention has two phases and the first is, to state if two things are contrasted by conditions and an equivalent sign, there ought to be a third thing of indistinguishable sum in both to which they are reducible and which is normal, the subsequent stage is to search for the appropriate ‘third element’ and for this situation work is the main sensible element[10]. Work power is thusly prone to be abused so as to build the estimation of the ware as the utilization stays steady. Free enterprise is peculiar; the industrialist business analyst doesn't just depend on the trading of items as the wellspring of benefits yet rather the movement of riches, as money, with the intension of benefit making by methods for exchanging the items and transforming them into different items which can cost more significant expenses and create more benefits. As indicated by Marx and Engels, no past researchers have had the option to obviously give a clarification of how private enterprise in general would create benefits. There arrangement is that, the business people misuse the work from representatives, they purchase workers work exertion for the afternoon. The value (estimation) of the item is built up by similar implies that is, the socially fundamental work power expected to make the item. In such an occurrence, the day’s work exertion is the value of the items required to keep the worker alive for one day. Taking for instance a circumstance where wares take around five hours to make, theâ initial five hours of the day would be spent on making esteem that is equivalent to the value of the pay rates the workers would be redressed, this is the essential work. Some other work done over this is named as surplus work and it just advantages the industrialist financial analyst to make surplus incentive for the benefits. The investigation done by Marx uncover that work called the variable capital and this since it is the main asset that can make more an incentive than it is worth. Different things fundamentally pass their incentive to the last prepared item however can't make any extra worth and thus alluded to as the consistent capital. Benefits produced by the entrepreneurs are a consequence of representatives working past the fundamental work to make an incentive for the business. This is the hypothesis of benefits the extent that the excess estimation of work is concerned. The pace of benefit making will undoubtedly fall as the business expands its automation under the entrepreneur economy, by the utilization of progressively consistent capital and minimal variable. As it has just been set up that work is the main asset that can increase the value of a ware, less a

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Financial aspects - Essay Example The main circumstance is the conventional ‘capitalist’ approach where the legislature embraces an absolutely ‘hands off’ strategy permitting the assets to be utilized by exclusive venture, lessening security to nearby industry and farming by bringing down import levies and permitting free rivalry. The subsequent methodology (socialist) is substantial legislative inclusion in the economy where all assets are freely possessed and the administration chooses their portion and use. Be that as it may, it is normal to locate a center way received by most nations including the US. Governments can't recognize organizations that will perform well and their explanations behind entering a specific zone of the economy habitually targets serving of social causes and political finishes rather that those of financial matters. Models are, the conveyance of riches, guideline of rivalry, providing framework and so forth. This prompts a preoccupation of assets to non-beneficial endeavors and away from private hands that could have used the assets all the more proficiently and adequately stops venture/rivalry from abroad. Liberating of exchange can bring about rivalry for products and enterprises prompting proficient usage of assets, improved ways of life, and financial development. In spite of this, it is fundamental for governments to address certain territories that private undertaking would somehow or another disregard or the advantages of monetary development would not permeate down to the monetarily in reverse areas of society. For instance, the barrier of the nation isn't an issue that private endeavor can join in; another model is the arrangement of medicinal services, if totally privatized great social insurance would get far off for enormous segments of the monetarily frail. Either the ‘neo-classical’ method of reasoning of market disappointment in the arrangement of open merchandise and need to reduce the impact of externalities and so forth or the developmental

Education reality Essay Example for Free

Training reality Essay Dealism Idealism is the powerful and epistemological precept that thoughts or musings make up basic reality. Essen? partner, it is any way of thinking which contends that the main thing really comprehensible is awareness (or the substance of cognizance), though we never can be certain that mama? er or anything in the outside world truly exists. Along these lines, the main genuine articles are mental en es, not physical things (which exist just as in they are seen) Progressivism Progressivist accepts that distinction, progress, and change are central to ones educa? on. Accepting that individuals gain best from what they consider generally applicable to their lives, progressivist fixates their educational programs on the requirements, encounters, interests, and abili? es of understudies. Progressivist educators have a go at making school interes? ng and helpful by arranging exercises that incite interest. In a progressivist school, understudies are air conditioning? vely learning. The understudies associate with each other and create social quali? es, for example, coopera? on and resistance for dierent perspectives. Essen? alism It is an educa? onal theory whose followers accept that kids ought to learn theâ tradi? onal fundamental subjects completely and thoroughly. In this philosophical way of thinking, the point is to ins? ll understudies with the essen? als of scholarly information, enac? ng a straightforward methodology. Essen? alism guarantees that the collected astuteness of our civiliza? on as educated in the tradi? onal scholarly trains is given from educator to understudy. Such teaches may incorporate Reading, Wri? ng, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathema? cs, Science, Art, and Music. In addition, this tradi? onal approach is intended to prepare the psyche, advance thinking, andâ ensure a typical culture. Authenticity Realism, at its least complex and generally broad, is the view that en es of a particular sort have an objec? ve reality, a reality that is totally ontologically autonomous of our calculated plans, linguis? c prac? ces, convictions, and so forth. In this way, en es (counting conceptual ideas and universals just as progressively solid items) have a presence autonomous of the demonstration of percep? on, and free of their names. Reconstruc? onism Social Reconstruc? onism is a way of thinking that underlines the tending to of social ques? ons andâ a mission to make a be? er society and overall majority rules system. Reconstruc? onist teachers center around an educational program that features social change as the point of educa? on. Existen? alism It depends on the view that people de3ne their own significance throughout everyday life, and attempt to make ra? onal choices in spite of exis? ng in an irra? onal universe. It centers around the ques? on of human presence, and the inclination that there is no reason or explana? on at the center of presence. It holds that, as there is no God or some other otherworldly power, the best way to counter thisâ nothingness (and consequently to 3nd significance throughout everyday life) is by grasping presence. Pragma? sm Pragma? sm is a rejec? on of the possibility that the func? on of thought is to depict, speak to, or reflect reality. Rather, pragma? sts believe thought to be a result of the interac? on among living being and condition. In this manner, the func? on of thought is as an instrument or apparatus for predic? on, air conditioning? on, and critical thinking. Pragma? sts fight that most philosophical topicsâ€, for example, the nature of information, language, ideas, which means, conviction, and scienceâ€are all best saw as far as their prac?â cal uses and victories instead of regarding representa? ve precision Perennialism Believe that one should show the things that one considers to be of everlas? ng per? nence to all individuals all over. They accept that the most significant themes build up an individual. Since subtleties of certainty change continually, these can't be the most significant. In this manner, one should show standards, not realities. Since individuals are human, one should show 3rst people, not machines or methods. Since individuals are individuals 3rst, and laborers second if by any stretch of the imagination, one should show liberal subjects 3rst, not voca? onal themes.

Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity

Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Short-Term Memory Duration and Capacity By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on November 25, 2019 Joshua Hodge Photography / Vetta / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Duration Capacity Short-Term vs. Working Memory Short-Term vs. Long-Term Memory View All Back To Top Short-term memory, also known as primary or active memory, is the information we are currently aware of or thinking about. The information found in short-term memory comes from paying attention to sensory memories. A quick overview: Short-term memory is very brief. When short-term memories are not rehearsed or actively maintained, they last mere seconds.Short-term memory is limited. It is commonly suggested that short-term memory can hold seven plus or minus two items. Duration  of Short-Term Memory Most of the information kept in short-term memory will be stored for approximately 20 to 30 seconds, but it can be just seconds if rehearsal or active maintenance of the information is prevented. Some information can last in short-term memory for up to a minute, but most information spontaneously decays quite quickly. For example, imagine that you are trying to remember a phone number. The other person rattles off the phone number, and you make a quick mental note. Moments later you realize that you have already forgotten the number. Without rehearsing or continuing to repeat the number until it is committed to memory, the information is quickly lost from short-term memory. You can increase the duration of short-term memories to an extent by using rehearsal strategies such as saying the information aloud or mentally repeating it. However, the information in short-term memory is also highly susceptible to interference. Any new information that enters short-term memory will quickly displace any old information. Similar items in the environment can also interfere with short-term memories. While many of our short-term memories are quickly forgotten, attending to this information allows it to continue the next stage â€" long-term memory. Capacity  of Short-Term Memory The amount of information that can be stored in short-term memory can vary. An often-cited figure is a plus or minus seven items, based on the results of a famous experiment on short-term memory. In an influential paper titled The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two, psychologist George Miller suggested that people can store between five and nine items in short-term memory. More recent research suggests that people are capable of storing approximately four chunks or pieces of information in short-term memory. Distinction Between Short-Term Memory and Working Memory Short-term memory is often used interchangeably with working memory, but the two should be utilized separately. Working memory refers to the processes that are used to temporarily store, organize, and manipulate information. Short-term memory, on the other hand, refers only to the temporary storage of information in memory. Distinguishing Short-Term From Long-Term Memory Memory researchers often use what is referred to as the three-store model to conceptualize human memory. This model suggests that memory consists of three basic stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term and that each of these can be distinguished based on storage capacity and duration. While long-term memory has a seemingly unlimited capacity that last years, short-term memory is relatively brief and limited. Chunking information into small groups makes it easier to remember more items for a short period. The information-processing view of memory suggests that human memory works much like a computer. In this model, information first enters short-term memory (a temporary holding store for recent events) and then some of this information is transferred into long-term memory (a relatively permanent store), much like information on a computer being placed on a hard disk. How Can Short-Term Memories Become Long-Term Memories? Since short-term memory is limited in both capacity and duration, the retention of memories requires transferring the information from short-term stores into long-term memory. How exactly does this take place? There are a few different ways that information can be committed to long-term memory. As mentioned earlier, chunking is one memorization technique that can facilitate the transfer of information into long-term memory. This approach involves breaking up information into smaller segments. If you were trying to memorize a string of numbers, for example, you would segment them off into three or four item blocks. Rehearsal can also help information make it into long-term memory. You might use this approach when studying materials for an exam. Instead of just reviewing the information once or twice, you might go over your notes over and over again until the critical information is committed to memory. The exact mechanisms for how memories are transferred from short-term to long-term stores remain controversial and not well understood. The classic model, known as the Atkinson-Shiffrin model or multi-modal model, suggested that all short-term memories were automatically placed in long-term memory after a certain amount of time. More recently, other researchers have proposed that some mental editing takes place and that only particular memories are selected for long-term retention. Still, other researchers dispute the idea that there are separate stores for short-term and long-term memories. Recent research has shown that exercise may also help increase short-term memory. One experiment found that treadmill exercise in rats with Alzheimers led to improvements in short-term memory by increasing neurogenesis, offering hope for new approaches  that alleviate some of the symptoms associated with Alzheimers disease. A Word From Verywell Short-term memory plays a vital role in shaping our ability to function in the world around us, but it is limited in terms of both capacity and duration. Disease and injury can also have an influence on the ability to store short-term memories as well as convert them into long-term memories. As researchers continue to learn more about factors that influence memory, new ways of enhancing and protecting short-term memory may continue to emerge.

Earthquake Proofing Methods Research Paper - 275 Words

Earthquake Proofing Methods (Research Paper Sample) Content: Earthquake Proofing MethodsName:Course:Instructor:Date:IntroductionThe continuous change in the atmospheric pressure due to factors such as global warming has had a significant impact on the seismic activity around the globe. This can be noted by the gradual increase in the number of earthquakes being reported across parts of Asia and America. The effects and impacts caused by the earthquake cannot be avoided, and so it has become vital that buildings are constructed to minimize the impacts from this event. A number of countries have set up early warning systems that can help the people prepare before an earthquake strikes [6, 7]. The need to be prepared has led to engineering efforts that are aimed at providing feasible solutions to destruction caused by earthquakes. This paper will critically analyze and assess different methods that are used to make buildings stronger during construction in order to make them earthquake proof.Earthquake prevention The destruction c aused by earthquakes has led to a need to have stronger buildings that can withstand the activity. In countries like Japan, the government has set up a strict policy on the requirements that buildings have to meet in order to be declared fit for occupation. The government is encouraging people to build earthquake resistant buildings in order to minimize the damage and cost of reconstruction after an earthquake. Most of the buildings have taken up different activities such as reinforcing concrete walls, easing internal stress by adding special joints, and digging a much deeper foundation for the buildings [3]. However, the cost of building these features that will help to reinforce the house in case of an earthquake is much higher. This has been a problem among the residents as they struggle to keep up with the policies and requirements that are outlined by the government. The following methods are vastly used in the process of earthquake proofing.Base isolation MethodThis method is widely used by different people around the world to proof buildings from earthquakes. The method has been in use since the 6th century as seen in ancient buildings around Persia currently known as Iran. The method involves raising the height of the building after building a very deep foundation. The method consists of two components that work in tandem to tame the wild seismic impact of an earthquake [6, 7]. These components are sliding units and shear units. Shear unit involves having a deep and wide foundation that has been smoothed at the top. This deep foundation helps to restrain the building against any underground movements. This is made possible by the deep foundation, and strong stone and mortar that are used in the building process. The top is then smoothed out to enable construction of the second unit.The sliding unit consists of smoothened stones that have been evenly placed together to form a plate that will slide back and forth in the event of any underground movement. The process continues and gradually absorbs the energy that causes earthquakes. This helps to keep the building strong and proof it against any seismic effect. The process of Base isolation method is being used in large buildings and strong buildings as well [8]. This is because it is not very expensive to carry out as compared to other methods of earthquake proofing. This is one of the safest methods as it has been used from time immemorial to protect large building in different parts of the world without fail. The method has been tested and proven to work because different regions experience different levels of seismic activity making it easy to analyze and see the strength of the structures built using this method [2, 4]. Energy dissipation methodThis method is preferred by most scientists around Asia due to the principle that is used in the proofing process. The method relies in the conversion of energy from one form to another in order to reduce the impact that the energy caus ing an earthquake has on the building [5]. The energy is converted using dampers that are placed on joints around the building. The joints of buildings are made of plastic materials that are used as dumpers. The plastic materials absorb energy and help to arrest the earthquake before any harm is caused to the rest of the building. The dumpers are mainly used in buildings that have more than three floors. This is because the impacts of the waves that carry the energy are higher after travelling for long distances. Long distances reduce the force that is emitted by the seismic activity that causes the earthquake [5]. It is hard to apply this method in smaller buildings because the impact of the wave can be felt in the plate of the building rupturing it before it gets to the hinges and joints of the house. The method can be used in taller buildings because of the deep foundations that these buildings have. The method is preferred because it is cheap to implement as compared to older sy stems that relied on reconstruction of the property. The dumpers are also cheap and easy to install into the buildings. However, the method relies on the strength of the building to hold the dumpers in place to transform the energy from one form to another [4]. The energy that has been transformed is not as effective as the original wave which makes it less harmful and not useful for other functions. This method is less effective as compared to the isolation method because it is not as effective in proofing as compared to the isolation method.Liquefaction MethodThe process of liquefaction refers to the process by which the soil surrounding a house is not strong enough to hold the house during an earthquake. This soil damages the building as it sinks and distorts the foundation of the building. The process of liquefaction occurs when water and sand that is meters below the surface is pushed upwards by the pressure [3]. The process can only be seen after an earthquake as sand boils ar e formed on the earths surface. The liquefaction method can be avoided in parts of the world depending on the topography of the land. The process is curbed by mixing soil and sand on the base of the foundation before constructing a house. However, the method is very expensive as seen from a survey in China. The cost of hiring experts to survey land and determine whether it can undergo liquefaction ranges between 1,000$-2,000$ depending on the ground quality. If the ground is found to be prone to liquefaction then the firming up the round will range between 10,000$ - 30,000$ depending on the method being used [1]. This method is very expensive as compared to the other methods above. However, the method can only be used in areas that have sand soil because it undergoes liquefaction easily as compared to other areas. The method is dependent on whether an area has sandy soil unlike the two methods discussed above.In conclusion, the three methods above are used in the process of proofing buildings against earthquakes. The methods cannot be used in all areas due to different factors that affect the process of implementation. However, the Base isolation method is the best to use in the proofing process. This is because the process is cost effective and it can be applied in areas that have different types of soil. The process can also be used in buildings that require vast floor space. The process is cost effective and easy to implement in areas that have different topographic conditions, and this makes it the best method in the process of proofing buildings against earthquakes.

The Repentant Lieutenant in Othello - 1463 Words

The Repentant Lieutenant in Othello Othello, a William Shakespeare classic, sees the attempted ruination of the general’s right-hand man on more than one occasion by the insidious and jealous ancient. Let’s achieve a better understanding of the lieutenant’s case in this paper. Cassio’s biggest fall is with the Iago-schemed incident of inebriation. In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains the total meaning of the loss which Cassio’s drunkenness cost him: Cassio, cashiered, thinks he has lost what Othello is soon really to lose, his reputation: â€Å"I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial† (II.iii.263-64). (We must think of â€Å"reputation† as meaning not merely the good word†¦show more content†¦I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking,† and â€Å"I am unfortunate in the infirmity and dare not task my weakness with any more.† David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies concludes that it is the â€Å"daily beauty† in the life of the lieutenant which contributes to the jealous, destructive behavior of the antagonist: The â€Å"daily beauty† in Cassio’s life makes Iago feel â€Å"ugly† by comparison (5.1.19-20), engendering in Iago a profound sense of lack of worth from which he can temporarily find relief only by reducing Othello and others to his own miserable condition. He is adept at provoking self-hatred in others because he suffers from it himself. (223) When the â€Å"gallants† arrive, Cassio yields to peer pressure and has a cup of wine, and offers a toast, â€Å"To the health of our general!† but then ends his involvement when he comes to a realization that he is getting tipsy: â€Å"Let’s no more of this; let’s to our affairs.† Later, in his drunkenness he strikes Roderigo and wounds Montano; and this sadly results in his dismissal (â€Å"Cassio, I love thee; / But nevermore be officer of mine.†) Cassio laments the cause of his discharge: â€Å"O thou invisible spirit of wine, ifShow MoreRelatedThe Creation of Tension and Suspense in Othello by William Shakespeare1677 Words   |  7 PagesThe Creation of Tension and Suspense in Othello by William Shakespeare â€Å"Killing myself, to die upon a kiss†. These are Othello’s last words, as he commits suicide and dies next to his wife. After ironically killing her himself at the end of Act 5. Othello was written in 1608 a time when the Ottoman Empire was at war with the Venetians. Othello is a tragedy because of the deception and betrayal of Iago which causes many people to die. The play explores many different themesRead MoreShakespeare s Othello And The Winter s Tale A Comparison1843 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Othello and The Winter’s Tale a Comparison Between Desdemona and Hermione William Shakespeare, in his Othello and The Winter’s Tale portrays some curious facets of femininity, maybe deliberately or not. Desdemona in Othello is a Venetian beauty with resolute individuality, while Hermione in The Winter’s Tale is more mysterious. When we take the reality aspect, the former is more realistic and true to life, which has implications even in this time. The latter, is to an extent, unreal

organizational theory Essay - 2283 Words

Question #1 â€Å"Despite the economic progress brought about in part by scientific management, critics were calling attention to the ‘seamy side of progress’ which included severe labor management conflict, apathy, boredom, and wasted human resources to examine the discrepancy between how an organization was supposed to work versus how the workers actually behaved. In addition, factors like World War I, developments in psychology and later the depression, all bought into question, some of the basic assumptions of Scientific Management.† (Internet) This is where the Human Relations School steps in. Its primary focus is the importance of attitudes and feelings of workers, while informal roles and norms influence performance. â€Å"At the most†¦show more content†¦To Mayo, this was not only the key to organizational success, but also the goal to achieving social stability. He also viewed informal group processes as the promoting tool for social integration, as well as stopping absenteeism, turnover, and discontent among employees. Another important person at this time was Chester Barnard, who combined practical experience in management and corporate affairs with a complex and sophisticated theory of organization and human behavior. His focus projected from an emphasis on the organization to an analysis of the nature of an individual. He placed priority on tension between the organization and the individual noting that â€Å"†¦organizations are constructed for particular purposes, but they employ individuals who may have widely divergent objectives and desires.† (Jaffe, 74) Barnard noted that cooperation was needed for the organization to work effectively and efficiently. He discussed in his book, The Functions of the Executive, the relationship between incentives and contributions, and the need to join these together to meet an equilibrium of some sort. He claimed that this system would satisfy individuals and obtain contributions from them while at the same time making everyone happy. To do this, he used distribution hoping to gain cooperative activity from the employees. The executive needs to note that distribution can be good in one situation butShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Theory671 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Theory Angele Muhammad February 5, 2014 Assistant Professor Darren Gil Southern University at New Orleans Abstract I will discuss the basis of an organizational theory as it applies to the criminal justice system. I am discussing and giving a clear understanding of the criminal justice system as an organization of a bureaucratic management system with hierarchies and processes of inputs, processes, and outputs within one aspect of the criminal justice system i.e. policeRead MoreOrganizational Theory Of Organizational Management1488 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational theory studies the various variables that influence the behavior of an individual(s) working within an organization, but also, â€Å"prescribes how work and workers ought to be organized and attempts to explain the actual consequences of organizational behavior (including individual actions) on work being performed and on the organization itself.† (Milakovich Gordon, 2013, p.145). 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The researchers acknowledge the effect of the extent ofRead MoreComparing the Modern Organizational Theory and Improvisation Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesOrganization theory deals with the formal structure, internal working, and external environment of complex human behavior within organizations. As a field spanning several disciplines, it prescribes how work and workers out to be organized and attempts to explain the actual consequences of organizational behavior (including individual behavior) on work done and on the organization itself.(Gordon and Milkavoich, 147) It has been evolving for centurie s on how should work be done in the public administrationRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Practice3050 Words   |  13 PagesOrganizational Theory Practice Introduction Previously people were less interested in an organizational culture. Cultural perspectives were not really important. 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Based on this theory, a manager must have close control over their subordinates, resulting in an organiz ation with tall hierarchies and a narrowRead MoreOrganizational Theory Multiple Perspectives1514 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In order to have a better understanding of organization theory, organizational phenomena should be studied in different ways. Different ways of thinking produce different perspectives which come to different concepts and theories. In this essay, multiple perspectives which are modern, symbolic-interpretive and post-modern will be defined. By examine the assumptions, which are ontology and epistemology underlying each of these perspectives, they can be compared. Also, how these perspectivesRead MoreExamples Of Neoclassical Organizational Theory909 Words   |  4 Pagesperspectives that moved away from the mechanistic views of classical organizational theory in which human beings act as different parts to that machine to an approach that attempts to account for internal and external environments. This multi-dimension approach is considered an intellectual merger of most prior schools of thought beginning with neoclassical. Neoclassical organizational theory, a modified version of the classical organizational theory was developed at the end of WWII through the 1950s as neoclassical

In Steve Chapman’S Article “Are Blacks To Blame For Cops

In Steve Chapman’s article â€Å"Are Blacks to Blame for Cops Actions?† the author addresses the most important controversial problem we had for centuries. Does racial profiling exists? If so, what is the problem with it? Many say that law enforcement are only targeting the minority, to be specific mainly African Americans. This is because they are the only ones to blame and that if they were not committing so much crime, they wouldn t get so much attention from police(502). The author points out that blaming the black community for violent crime by blacks we fail to notice the truth of today’s real crime. I strongly believe with the author, we fail to notice the real crimes that are society has. Are we so distracted by what the media†¦show more content†¦If we really want a solution in the issue of cops killing blacks, we can not ignored black on black crime. Obviously, cops killing unarmed black men has gotten our society s attention, but we can not ig nore the fact it is because of black violence. Blacks killing each other has not stop, and they take fifteen percent of homicides in this country. One thing to considered, or an alternative for this issue is effective policing and how are leaders within our communities can do in reducing crime. We need more organizations like NAACP, that give solutions by focusing on education and jobs to minorities. By all means this solutions can be more effective and we can decrease the among of crime in black communities. Also by been part of a solution we can see less confrontations among cops and African Americans. We can not blame white cops for doing their jobs, when they are saving, protecting, and serving the community by preventing crimes. But we can not justified their actions either, nor African American when they are committing crimes. In the other hand, and I speak from my own personal observation I do not believe all African Americans are criminals. We have criminals from all backgro unds that commit crimes, and it s not an issue of race but of crime. When I say crime let me refer that more specifically according to the FBI African Americans committed almost 54 percent of all murders in the United States. What we do not know is that African

Importance Of Being A Minister Of Christ Essay - 1648 Words

Why does Richard Baxter emphasis the importance of being a minister of Christ? If there is anything that is to be the characteristic of the reformed pastor it is that his mind and life must bear the image of the servanthood of Christ. Following after Christ’ words, ‘I have come not to be served but to serve others and to give my life as a ransom for many’.This is why in his book, The Reformed Pastor, Baxter is eagerly encouraging those in ministry to know their called identity as under shepherds of the Great Shepherd; and therefore following the model of Jesus Christ earthly ministry as their personal template for shepherding the Lord’s flock. He does this by first expounding on the meaning behind the title of his work. It is not for those of the reformed or Calvin doctrine, but for all those in ministry to continually be reforming the character of their lives. This does not mean the reforming that is called to take place is solely found in the reshaping of the mind through the doctrines of grace, though important. But it is a wholistic reviving of their life; touching every aspect of it and coating it in the the doctrines of grace; so that, to mirror and live as Christ lived, to be in His likeness. So the reforming of the Pastor is not just for a micro and personal wholistic change but also for the people of God, causing it to become a macro restyling and clothing in the doctrines of God. 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E-Procurement And E-Logistics Free Essays

our site – CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING – Business Management Dissertation Ideas ABSTRACT In this paper, we analyze the e-procurement and e-logistics of the Dell Inc. Company. This will include a brief overview of the company, an exploration of its Customer Relationship Management, the Supply Chain management and an analysis of the various softwares used by Dell Inc in promoting its relationship marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Procurement And E-Logistics or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION Today, many people have discovered the significance of E-commerce. E-commerce, also known as electronic commerce refers to business transactions and communication via computers especially over the internet and networks (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008: p.23). This involves buying and selling of services and goods, and transfer of funds among other commercial communications through the internet, mainly through the World-Wide Web (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008: p.23). E-commerce takes place in different situations such as between businesses and customers (B2C), between one business/company and another (B2B), and between customer and customer (C2C). It is mainly divided into two main parts, which are e-procurement and e-logistics. E-procurement is defined as an electronic method of conducting business transactions while e-logistics refers to the transfer of goods sold over the internet to customers (Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008: p.24). A well implemented e-procurement system is highly effective in connecting businesses and other business processes with suppliers while running all interactions between them. According to Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys (2008: p.23), the development and advancement of technology, many businesses now sell their products through computer technology, which is a brilliant way of making companies reduce overhead costs and reach a wide customer base. Thus, e-procurement benefits not only the business owners, but also customers since they can shop without leaving their homes. Also, customers can easily find the lowest price of products when buying their goods via the internet. In this paper, we analyze the e-procurement and e-logistics of the Dell Inc. Company. DELL INCORPORATED Dell Inc. is a computer company that was established by Michael S. Dell, in 1984 (Krauss 2003: p.7). It offers a wide range of technology product categories (Krauss (2003: p.8). These products range from personal computers to services such as storage solutions. Also, it gives a variety of services, which range from business services and configurable information technology including product-related support services, consulting and applications and infrastructure technology (Krauss, 2003: p.8). As stated by Levy (1999: p.20), Dell Inc. operates in four global business segments, which include public, Large Enterprise, Consumer, and small and Medium Business. The company designs its own products, manufactures and markets them, sells, as well as supports a range of products and services, which can be modified to individual requirements of customers (Perret and Jaffeux, 2007: p.4). Dell Inc. is considered among the companies that are most profitable. The company offers the most innovative customer service, as well as product custom configuration in the world (Perret and Jaffeux, 2007: p.5). For this reason, the company is faced with the challenge of satisfying the customers’ needs while maintaining a stable relationship with them. E-PROCUREMENT AT DELL Dell Inc. is widely known for selling its computers and others services through the internet to other business (B2B) and to individual customers (B2C) (Perret and Jaffeux, 2007: p.5). B2B refers to business transactions between one company and another such as business customers, suppliers and distributors. The B2C refers to business transactions between a company and consumers. At the beginning of the 1990’s, Dell Inc. attempted to distribute wares by retailing. However, the management found out later that this method was unprofitable for business (Gattorna, 2003: p.51). Hence, Dell Inc. decided to key on boosting its customer support and services by allowing customers to make orders directly (Gattorna, 2003: p.52). This was considered a unique strategy for Dell customization. Recently, Dell Inc. improved its sourcing and buying processes by implementing a leading e-procurement solution known as Ariba Buyer (Krauss, 2003: p.8). In order to ease the business processes between Dell Inc. and its supplier companies, Ariba Buyer which is an e-procurement solution is used. It is quite useful in automating and streamlining sourcing. (Li, 2007: p.20). In earlier years, making purchase orders at Dell was a highly laborious process since company workers filled out forms for each purchase process every time they ordered an item, which included collecting about ten approval signatures (Li, 2007: p.21). The buyers were then expected to re-enter the data into two different systems that included a home-grown Access database and the legacy purchasing system. This paper-based process was challenging for Dell to track its purchases by commodity, as well as analyze its purchasing patterns in terms of where, how much and from whom the supplies were bought, hence the change in its procurement process. Thus, Dell Inc. implemented an e-procurement solution known as Ariba Buyer. E-procurement enabled Dell to streamline its supplying base. This helped in the elimination of maverick spending, as well as standardization of the ordering processes for its suppliers. (Krauss, 2003: p.8). This was followed, by Dell’s move, to assess 3 e-procurement systems depending on five criteria. These criteria included a user-friendly boundary, cost-effectiveness, and integration with existing back-end system (Krauss, 2003: p.8). Others included e-commerce links to most of Dell’s supplying companies, and compatibility with the current IT policy of Dell servers (Li, 2007: p.20). According to Gattorna (2003: p.50), close to seven months were spent by the personnel that were responsible for implementing Ariba. This time was spent in developing twenty interfaces that would facilitate connection of Ariba buyer with Dell’s legacy systems. They created linkages for Ariba and Dell’s purchase order, catalog data, cost center, accounting code validation, and employee data among other systems (Gattorna, 2003: p.50). This was made to ascertain that all the processed orders had been validated. This resulted in a final product, which facilitates making purchases online. This product is known as Dell Internet Requisition Tool (DIREQT) (Gattorna, 2003: p.51). Currently, DIREQT has made it easy for Dell employees to complete purchasing orders online by loging into DIREQT Web site, as well as conducting searches for certain products, suppliers or services, which usually give accurate status reports (Levy, 1999: p.23). Immediately, Ariba Buyer forwards the catalog items and requisition straight to the right manager at the cost center who signs the order electronically. The system then automatically creates an approving chain before directing it to an employee network. (Gattorna, 2003: p.51). However, if the product ordered is not present in the catalogue, Ariba Buyer includes a Dell buyer to source the product and hands over the request for last signatures (Perret and Jaffeux, 2007: p.6). After the requisition has been approved, it is moved to the Ariba Commerce Services Network (ASCN). ASCN is a shared network infrastructure that helps to connect with buyers and marketplaces, on the Ariba Business to Business (B2B). Commerce stand (Perret and Jaffeux, 2007: p.6). Ariba uses ASCN to communicate its orders to suppliers, which includes shipping through e-mail, faxes, Extensive Markup Language (XML) and electronic data interchange (EDI) (Perret and Jaffeux, 2007: p.6). Moreover, Ariba Buyer also accelerates the payment process in Dell Inc. The receipts that Dell’s central receiving department prepares for wares are brought into the organization and matched automatically with the right invoice. This is then fed into the system by the account payable processors (Bothma and Geldenhuys, 2008: p.25). In addition, the purchasers create receipts of the service given to them, which is also matched in an automatic manner. Therefore, this practice helps to avoid the early routine of service invoices, which is time-consuming, when making purchases for approval. As stated by Botha, Bothma and Geldenhuys (2008: p.25), with the Ariba Buyer at Dell, the requisition cycle time is likely to be reduced by 62%, and lessen operation costs by 61%. However, Dell Inc. believes that it stands to benefit on a larger scale from the perception into the buying process attained through combining customers’ information. Moreover, through the use of Ariba, Dell is able to gather information necessary to evaluate its supply base and re-evaluate key business to market communications services, office products and consulting, among many more kinds of expenditures (Gattorna, 2003: p.50). CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT According to Perret and Jaffeux (2007: p.7), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is the creation and maintenance of relations with customers. The key aim of Dell is to offer its customers technologically reliable customer service requirements. Perret and Jaffeux (2007: p.7) argue that the software that help in facilitation facilitate Dell’s CRM include marketing automation software, a system that benefits the sales, and custom designed Web pages that contain purchase data. According to Ross (2010: p.88), today, one fifth of standard-based computers sold in the world is Dell’s product. The key concept of Dell Inc. is to sell computers directly to customers. This will increase their success in the computer business. (Ross, 2010: p.88). Before Dell Inc. invented the made-to-order concept, its customers used to buy its products from electronic shops and retail stores. In this case, customers interacted only with the salesperson of the store and not the manufacturer. Therefore, Dell introduced the concept of interacting directly with the customer via the internet so as to fulfil the demands of its clients and deliver quality services. E-LOGISTICS AT DELL INC. For Dell Inc., the E-logistics has entirely changed it way of distributing its products. Traditionally, Dell used to pick up components from the warehouses of suppliers then collect them in its central or regional distribution centres, and finally merge them in stock in order to deliver the final products to customers (Ross, 2010: p.88). Currently, through implementation of e-logistics, Dell Inc. can now pick up components from the ware houses of suppliers and then forward the merging of components made during the transit to the logistic-service providers through USP or Airborne Express (Li, 2007: p.36). This has resulted in less fixed costs spent in warehouse centers and distribution, no product technological obsolescence, and no stock-keeping units (SKU). SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AT DELL INC. Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a system that Dell established to ensure the availability of precise computer components for its customers on demand and location. SCM describes how the company manages how raw materials are transformed into the end products and how products and services get to all its consumers (William, 2003: p.150). This has enabled the company to develop a tight bond with its supplier companies and consumers. In this regard, Mencarini (2003: p.19) states that Dell Inc. have one of the most effective SCM system in the world, and that it is focusing on creating the best SCM through the i2. This will improve the supply chain process through connecting its suppliers and planners in order to satisfy the requirements, as well as demands of their customers. SOFTWARE USED BY DELL IN PROMOTING RELATIONSHIP MARKETING Dell also uses a variety of software to promote relationship marketing such as Hotlink, Premier Pages and an enhanced CRM system, among others (Gattorna, 2003: p.57). Its database software is highly efficient and effective with customer relationship management, which stores tables of data used to check the information of customers and establish promotional campaigns. These databases mainly include the information of customers, their products and interests. According to Gattorna (2003: p.57), customer database helps to increase profits since it contains the information of clients, which determines the efficient and effective ways to target and divide the consumers. Hotlink is an automation software program, which facilitates tergeting and marketing communication, monitoring of customers and market development (Mencarini, 2003: p.21). This software gives Dell a free opportunity to advertise its products through the word of mouth. Also, it impacts its customer base to ensure that customers receive better services than before. Premier Pages are a transparent online system/software custom designed Web pages, which contain all the purchasing data (Gattorna, 2003: p.57). In addition, the software contains a paperless ordering process, which captures the technology configurations of customers. Mencarini (2003: p.21) argues that Dell created Premier Pages in order to gather less clientele details than they already have and develop a win-win situation that is more realistic. This starts when the clients places their orders for a computer and built later. Another system that Dell uses is an enhanced CRM system, helped by an information system company called the IS Partners (Moon, 2003: p.45). ProClarity offers a comprehensive analytical ability that highlights negative and positive areas of the business. Moreover, the company breaks down its sales by region where each team enables Dell to measure its own trend and success. ProClarity significantly benefits all the financial sections of the company. It also helps the Dell staff to easily access detailed demographic information about customers. The marketing department is able to follow product sales, customer activity and marketing mixes via this software. The management can follow activities in customer accounts, and act on lapsed quotes. Additionally, Dell installed the e-commerce software i2 Collaboration Planner, i2 Supply Chain Planner and i2 Factory Planner in order to meet its supply chain needs (Moon, 2003: p.45). This is applicable in the management of build-order procedures that exist between placing orders and customer support. The software enables Dell Inc. to classify customers and target them through their most preferred medium, obtain and analyze results (Moon, 2003: p.45). Moreover, Dell Inc. has signed an agreement with Part-Miner (Gattorna, 2003: p.51). Part-Miner is a vertical portal in electronic components industry, which provides information and helps to meet the demand and supply of the components. FUTURE PLANS OF DELL INC In future, Dell plans to update its processes of purchase such as the establishment of online auctions for products and services like printing, shipping, and paper (Li, 2007: p.20). The company also plans to make order status, payment information and receipts easily accessible to suppliers online. In coming years, Dell intends to expand its catalogue base and purchase choices by convincing its main suppliers to use the Ariba Business to Business Commerce Platform (Li, 2007: p.20). CONCLUSION CRM-SCM integration tries to satisfy clients through prompt delivery of products, ensuring its accessibility and maintain the manufacturer’s profits and returns. Thus, there are several lessons that can be drawn from Dell’s application of e-business. This trend can be emulated by other organizations in the industry. This will result in offering of better services to customers. It can be portrayed via the way Dell Inc. uses CRM to its advantage. Customer satisfaction will increase their trust in the organization, improving its reputation. In addition, custom-building a PC desired by the clients has formed a particularly strong relationship between Dell and its customers (Moon, 2003: p.50). In addition to this, implementing technology in a phased fashion has helped Dell to achieve a strong relationship with its clients. Dell set up simulated environments in order to support the i2 system in blotches without affecting the live form. Dell ensured that all stages of the comp leted process allowed future growth of the company before developing the whole system. Hence, this reduced risk and increasing efficiency. Another significant lesson from Dell would be to extend the link from the customer to the supplier, while maximizing its operation efficiency as well as customer satisfaction (Ross,2010: p.92). As a result, customers were able to spend less money on purchasing customized machines. This is because Dell approved the savings that resulted from managing its inventories efficiently. The company was, therefore, able to share information with suppliers about customer requirements and buying patterns in real-time. REFERENCES Botha, J., Bothma, C. Geldenhuys, P. 2008. Managing E-commerce in Business, New York, Juta and Company Ltd. Gattorna, J. 2003. Gower handbook of supply chain management, Burlington, Gower Publishing Ltd. Krauss, M. 2003. Dell looks to Sears to extend buyer reach. Marketing News, April 28, 2003, Vol. 37, Issue 9. Li. L. 2007. Supply chain management: concepts, techniques and practices enhancing the value through collaboration, Tokyo,World Scientific. Moon, K. 2003. Dell Computers: A Leader in CRM. Retrieved February 20, 2010 Mencarini A. 2003. E-Business: Dell Case Study, UK, Strathclyde Business School. Perret, F. Jaffeux, C. 2007. Essentials of logistics and management, London, EPFL Press. Levy, R. H. 1999. The Visible Marketer: Dell’s CRM model stresses transparent processes. Available from http://directmag.com/mag/marketing_visible_marketer_dells/index.html {Accessed 20th February 2012} Ross, D. F. 2010. Introduction to Supply Chain Management Technologies. London, CRC Press. William C. 2003. The true meaning of supply chain management. Logistics Management, June 2003, Vol. 42, Issue 6. How to cite E-Procurement And E-Logistics, Essay examples

Nazi Germany Essay Example For Students

Nazi Germany Essay GermanyOn October 3, 1990, the states of the German Democratic Republic (EastGermany) shed their last ties to their Soviet created structure and joined theFederal Republic of Germany (West Germany). The 23rd article of West Germanys1949 constitution, the Basic Law, had been drafted specifically to allow forsuch an arrival from the East. But as the 1980s drew to a close, few Germans oneither side of the border expected it to be used in their lifetime. Yet, in lessthan a year the beginning of an upsurge of popular protest came together againstthe communist regime in East Germany and the formal unification of Germany onWest German terms. At a simple level, the constitution may be seen as a representation ofthe traditional German desire for clarity and order, applied to the rights andduties of the individual. It can also be described as a way of ensuring that theevents of the 1930s, particularly the rise of facism and dictatorship, willnever recur. As a result of historical roots in West Germany and past abuses bycentral government, Germany is a federation. The powers of the states cannot bereduced. Each of the federal states and Berlin has its own constitution, ademocratically elected Parliament, a government, administrative agencies andindependant courts. However, states are binding to the federal constitution, thefederal constitution is binding upon the states and the federal parliament isresponsible for major legislation and policy. The state parliaments mainresponsibility is in two major policy areas: education, and law and order. Administration of federal legislation is mainly the responsibility of the states,allowing for greater consideration of local needs and issues. This system ofgovernment ia also intended to bring government closer to the people. In manycases, state powers are delegated further to local authorities. A further area of responsibility for the states arives from theparliamentary structure. The legislative body is the Bundestag, but theBundesrat (anupper house representing )the states must approve most legislation. Each state has between three and five votes in the Bundesrat, dependingon the size of its population. Members of the Bundesrat are appointed by thestate governments for their duration within the state government. Since stateelections are held continually during the term of federal parliament, themembers of the upper house may alter during the life of a federal government. The approval of the Bundesrat is required for certain types of legislation,Particularly the budget and those affecting the states. Differences are usuallyovercome by a joint committee from the two houses. The lower house, or the Bundestag, consists of a minimum of 656 deputies. The Bundestag has a speaker, or president, usually elected from among thelargest parliamentary group. It has three main tasks: to act as the legislativebody, to elect the federal chancellor, and to control government activity. Anychanges to the Basic Law requires a two-thirds majority in both houses ofparliament. Thus the opposition parties can prevent amendments to theconstitution through their representation in either the Bundestag or Bundesrat. The electoral system, finalized in 1956, is designed to both provide agovernmentrepresenting the wishes of the people and proportionalrepresentation. Candidates are elected by a majority vote in 328 constituenciesof roughly equal size. Each state is allocated a quota of MPs for each party,derived from the second, or party vote. The difference between these numbers andthe numbers of directly elected representatives is then made up from party lists. A party can win more seats on the directly elected segment of the vote than thenumber given by the party list results, in which event the size of the lowerhouse is enlarged. This provision was used in 1990, with the addition of sixseats. To prevent fragmentation, a party must secure either three directmandates or 5% of the total vote to be represented in parliament. This resultsin a barrier to the development of new parties, which must fullfill the 5%criteria without the help of representation in parliament. Also, when thepractice of vacancies exist in parliament the positions are filled from theparty list of the previous election rather than by a by-election, hampering newor small party formation. In the 1990 elections the small, and largely new, EastGerman parties were allowed, for on time only, to form umbrella groups, side-stepping this constraint. However, state elections occur almost always once a year allowingparties to try and gain representation in a state parliament, often byconcentrating their efforts. The lower house is elected for a fixed term of four years and earlyelections may only be called in specific circumstances. The chancellor (head ofgovernment) is elected by the Bundestag on the proposal of the federal president. In practice each of the main parties announces its chancellor candidate beforethe election, making the task of the president somewhat of a formality. Onceelected, the chancellor nominates his or her cabinet for presidential approval,but is still personally responsible to parliament. Individual ministers cannotinitiate a vote ofno-confidence. A government can only be voted out if theopposition can establish a majority for what is known as a constructive vote ofno confidence. In other words, the opposition must be able to provide a workingmajority in favour of a new government. This occurred in late 1982, when thesmall Free Democrat Party changed itsfollowing from the ruling Social Democratsto the Christian Democrats, enabling the Christian Democrats to form a coalition. The ability of a government to resign in order to call early electionsis also restricted to cirtain circumstances. When the new government of theChristian Democrats and Free Democrats formed after the events of 1982 theydecided early elections would be appropriate. However, this decision was forcedto be brought up before the constitutional court, and only because it was theparties only tactic was it allowed. Although the federal president performs some of the usual formalfunctions of a head of state, including signing treaties and following theprocedures for appointing the chancellor, the role is basically ceremonial. Allpresidential orders require the counter-signature of the chancellor or relevantminister. This obligation is concerned with the alleviating a number of theproblems which arose under Germanys constitution of 1919 which gave thepresident too much power and not enough to the parliament. The president iselected for a five-year term by the full Bundestag and an equal number ofdelegates from state parliaments. In the past the election has usually been aformality. Richard von Weizsacker, formerly Christian Democrat mayor of WestBerlin, was elected president in 1984 and re-elected in 1989. His second, andfinal, term comes to an end in May 1994. Although usually a former politician,the president is expected to stand above party politics. In the summer of 1989 the German Bundestag passed the so-called Stageone Postal Reform which came into effect on January 1, 1990. The reformsincluded a division between jurisdictional and regulatory functions andentrepreneurial functions. The reform also resulted in associated businesssectors making up telecommunications, postal services and postal banking. Theaim of these reforms was to allow for more competition, hoping this would leadto more innovation and development in the telecommunication sector. The reformsrepresented to many in Europe a tremendous liberalization of the Germantelecommunications market. Under the new structure, the Telekom branch ofDeutsche Bundespost (DBT) was granted a network monopoly. All other sectors ofthe telecommunications market, including mobile and satelite communications,which both legally belong to the monopoly were liberalized. Gradually, licenceswere sold to private enterprises in these small and limiting areas of themonopoly. Within the framewo rk of its economic capabilities, Telekom is legallybound to provide both the infrastructure and the infrastructure services. As the new Telecommunication structure was being omplemented theunification of Germany began, delaying the objectives of the postal reform. ManyMinisters used the successfull expansion of Telekom as a means of recognition,while postponing a rapid seperation of the political and entrepreneurialfunctions. At the beginning of 1990 Telekom had only just started changing froma public administration to an undertaking based on entrepreneurial basedorganization. Telekoms actions during and immediately following unification werestill largely focused on the objectives and procedures of the old Germany. Therefore, there has been no real debate between Telekom and the FederalMinister of Posts and Telecommunications (BMPT) on what gudelines Telekom shouldfollow when investing in the new federal states of the East. Telekomfrom mustdecide whether it should follow its original political standpoint or its newentrepreneurial approach, or whether the two even differ. Such a judgement isnot only desirable, but necessary to determine where the responsibilities ofTelekom lie. Why Cells Are Small EssayAs a public service, the West German telecommunications system is run bythe federal counties. The legal basis of this state monopoly is found in Article87 of West German basic law, which states that the West German PTT has to beconducted by a direct federal administration with its lower level ofadministrative offices. The right of legislation on postal and telecommunicationmatters falls exclusively on the federal county, according to Article 73 of thebasic law. The federal minister for postal and telecommunication services is thehead of the West German PTT. According to Article 65 of West German basic lawthe federal minister for postal and telecommunication services, shall conductthe affairs of the West German PTT autonomously and on his own responsibility. Telecommunication policy formation as well as the management of administrationis the responsability of the federal minister for postal and telecommunicationservices,. However, his power is is restricted and controlled by the PostalAdministration Council (Para 1, Art 1 of the postal administration law). Themembers include the West German Bundestag, the West German Bundesrat andrepresentatives of the different areas of the economy as well as seven membersof the West German PTT trade union, the Deutsche Postgewerkschaft (DPG), andexperts from the fields of broadcasting and finance (Para 5, Art 2). All 24members of the Postal Administration Council are appointed by their nationalcouncils or by the minister for postal and telecommunication services (expertfrom the field of broadcasting) and the minister for finance (expert from thefield of finance). According to Para 12 of the postal administration law, thecouncil decides on the budget of the West German PTT. Further executive rightsexten d to conditions on the use of postal and telecomunication systems,including pricing (ara 12, Art 4), decisions on the field of activities (Para 12,Art 5), as well as changes in the technical telecommunication infrastructure(Para 12, Art 6). As an important control body, the Postal AdministrationCouncil has to approve all regulations proposed by the federal minister forpostal and telecommunication services.However, the minister for postal andtelecommunication services has the power to annul decisions of the postaladministration council (Para 13, Art 1,2). Despite this kind of veto right, the federal government as well as theBundestag have no direct control over the West German policies oftelecommunication. Yet the West German PTT is obliged to respect the principlesof the politics of West Germany, according to Para 2, Art 1 of the postaladministration law. However, the principles defined by the federal governmentare so vague that they cannot properly act as a stern basis for engaging intelecommunication policies. The influence of the Bundestag is even weaker sincethe budget of the West German PTT forms a special fund (Para 3, Art 1 of thepostal administration law), over which the West German PTT exercises its ownbudgetary rights. The influence of parliament is only by the participation ofmembers of parliament in the postal administration council as well as inpolitical positions in the federal postal and telecommunication administration. The result is that West German telecommunication policy is designed andimplemented around the postal administration council and the postaladministration. In spite of occasional accusations of opportunism aimed at thepostal administration council, its believable that the post administration hasadjusted itself to the potential compromises in the council. This can be backedup by the strong clashes in the council, and by that overruling the postaladministration council too often would likely lead to harmful campaigns againstthe council. The development of the telecommunication infrastructure within thispolitical and institutional framework became more and more criticized in the1970s. Finally it caused the demand for reform within the institutional andpolitical framework. The origins of the criticism came from the rapidtechnological developments of the 1960s and 1970s. Spectacular developments inthe realms of microelectronics and transmission technology as well as thecontinuing digitalization made merging telecommunication and data-processingpossible. This resulted in new quantitative and qualitative demands on thetelecommunication infrastructure. According to critics, the West German PTT, by not allowing competition,had not been in a position to complete these demands. This criticism, mainlyforwarded by the Liberal Democratic Party, was mostly concerned with theinternational competitiveness of West Germany. Further demands for the openingof markets were created by those countries which have already deregulated theirtelecommunication systems, for example the UK, USA, and Japan. Germany has eight main political paries: Christian Democratic Union(CDU), Christian Social Union (CSU), Free Democrat Party (FDP), Social DemocratParty (SDP), The Greens, The Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), TheRepublicans, and the Deutsche Volksunion. Christian Democratic UnionThe CDU, combining Catholics abd Protestants, has been the mostimportant single party in the development of post-war Germany. Its foreignpolicy was forged by Konrad Adenauer and is based on the Atlantic alliance. Although it also accepted the opening to the east initiated in the late 1960sand early 1970s by Willy Brandt and it is currently concerned with stability inpost-communist Eastern Europe. Its leader, Helmut Kohl, has been chancellorsince 1982 and still exercises a powerful personal control over the party. TheCDUs domestic policy is based on the concept of the social market as developedby Ludwig Erhard in the 1950s. Christian Social UnionThe CSU is a sister party of the CDU. It is Catholic and operates onlyin Bavaria where it is not challenged by the CDU. Under the leadership of thelate Franz Josef Strauss, it was more openly assertive in the pursuance ofGerman interests than the CDU. Its present leader is the finance minister, TheoWaigel. Howevere, Edmund Stoiber, the prime minister of Bavaria, as a moreaggressive politician in the tradition of Franz Josef Strauss, is equallyimportant. Free Democrat PartyThe free democrats are basically a liberal party in the European ratherthan the American sense; they believe in limiting government interference in allwalks of life, including both questions like divorce and abortion, and theeconomy. On the latter they are generally to the right of the CDU. However, theFDPs most dominant personality in the second half of the 1970s, and until hisresignation in 1992, was Hans-Dietrich Genscher, who made his name as foreignminister. The present leader, Klaus Kinkel, is also foreign minister. Social Democrat PartyOnce Marxist (though always democratic), the Social Democratsestablished a programme of pragmatic reform known as the Bad Godesberg programat the end of the 1950s. This paved the way for Helmut Schmidt, two of Germanysmost influential post-war politicians. The difference between their economicphilosophy and the Christian Democrats social market is not fundamental. Atpresent, however, the SPD believes the CDU has failed to face up to the need topay for unification, and advocates higher taxes, especially on the better off. The SPDs foreign policy has always emphasized openings to the east, but not atthe expense of the Atlantic alliance or the EU. There is a strong pacifistelement which currently opposes any German military activity outside Germany,including participation in UN peacekeeping operations; however, it should besaid that there are pacifists in all major parties. The GreensThe Greens had a major influence on German policies of all major partiesduring the 1980s, having surmounted the 5% threshold needed to be represented inparliament in the 1983 elections. However, in December 1990 they just failed tomeet this threshold in western Germany, partly because of an internal divisionbetween realists and purists. They are represented in the Bundestag because ineastern Germany, where a seperate threshold was provided, they won more than 5%in alliance with Bundnis 90, a group of protest parties from the former EastGermany. They also participate in governing coalitions in some state parliaments. The Party of Democratic SocialismThis is the former SED or ruling party of East Germany. Under a moderateleader, Gregor Gysi, who was never closely associated with the Honecker regime,it has attracted the support of some of those who have lost their jobs or homesas a result of unification. The Republicans and Deutsche VolksunionThe Republicans and Deutsche Volksunion represent nationalist forces onthe far right of German politics. They have played on the immigration issue.